5-word summary: Otolithic dysfunction r/o labyrinthitis!
Since it seems to be head position-dependent in the pitch plane perhaps (given symptoms exacerbation with reading, etc.), I would also be concerned with a structural or functional utricular pathway (inner ear to midbrain +/- cerebellum) dysfunction causing head position-induced changes in the subjective visual vertical. How was torsion measured, with fundus photography? Theoretically, a cortical lesion in the vestibular cortex (parietal lobe) if appropriately placed (e.g., venous anomalies) could create perceptual tone imbalances vis-a-vis the subjective visual vertical; the head dependence would be atypical but I imagine it is possible. Obviously this could be a vestibular migraine (start migravent)...an important question to ask is whether or not the tilt is sustained or episodic, for the former, I would think for STRUCTURAL utricular localization (?MRI brain skull base w/wo or IAC protocol), or quantitative vestibular testing if available (e.g. vHIT, vOCR, vVEMPS, etc.) to mainly evaluate for signs of peripheral dysfunction. Is there a head tilt? If everything is normal I would follow ?yearly with quantitative cerebellar assessments (VOG, etc.) to evaluate for an evolving cerebellar dysfunction -- his demographics and the tempo of HIS symptoms makes a mitochondrial cytopathy a real possibility (assuming the aforementioned things are normal).
Some additional far-fetched ideas (yet plausible): the first hit of one of the novel autoimmune cerebellar antibody-mediated degeneration (e.g. anti-septin-5 that could cause an MRI negative progressive cerebellar degeneration) OR an early labyrinthine inflammation from a paraneoplastic anti-Kelch-11 antibody disease (most common tumor is usually a testicular seminoma)
comment: An inferior division vestibular nerve dysfunction (posterior canal pathway) or damage to the central projection of these pathways along the MLF, etc would lead to head-position induced torsional nystagmus (assuming symptoms are only present with forward head pitching).
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Original Message:
Sent: 07-30-2025 19:38
From: Edward Cohn
Subject: Tilted Image - what am I missing
I had the opportunity of initially evaluating this 23-year-old male individual on July 21, 2025. He reports an unusual story. He says, "I woke up 2 weeks ago with tilted images" described as seeing lines of print/iPhone lines as tilted down on the right. No double vision, no unsteadiness, no dizziness.
He claims, "The tilt is most dramatic when I'm reading." In the office, he has the same "tilt" with either eye alone or with both open.
My first thought was is this possibly a 4th nerve (superior oblique muscle) palsy – but, he exhibits within normal limits ocular motility measurements of 3-5PD (prism diopters) esophoria with 0.50PD left hyperphoria and no cyclophoria.
That fairly well rules out 4th nerve palsy – they generally present with exophoria and 2 or more degrees of excyclophoria.
So, the patient, who is a very nice young man and a mechanical engineer, from a prestigious school, is preparing to go to Europe for a year. He volunteers the question/possibility that his symptoms are "psychological." I ask him if he is nervous and his response is, "Yes, a little."
I'm perfectly happy to just say it's nothing, go to Germany, and if you have a problem, here is the name of somebody in Berlin. Hopefully, someone, who has labored through this tale so far, will volunteer the name of a German colleague
Edward M. Cohn, MD, mba, mph
3535 W. 13 Mile (506)
Royal Oak, MI 48073
Ph: 248-551-8282
Fax: 248-551-9085